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Cleaning Up Meru: Youth-Led Solutions to Waste Management at Gakoromone Market

At the bustling heart of Meru County lies Gakoromone Market, a vibrant hub of activity and commerce. However, behind this bustling scene lies a growing concern – improper waste management. Recognising this urgent need for change, two passionate Kenya Methodist University students, Dorcas Ouru Bosibori and Ashley Kamau, conducted their research into the area’s waste challenges and propose solutions. Their research, part of the Acclimatise  (African COIL on Climate Change and Sustainability Education – www.aclimatise.org),  sheds light on the harsh realities of municipal waste disposal in Meru, the root causes of systemic failure and how to forge a path towards a cleaner, greener future. Their research combines data-driven analysis with community engagement and a deep-rooted desire to promote environmental justice. This clip captures some of the researchers’ engagement with communities and stakeholders [https://youtube.com/shorts/pIZ2Ac59CdU]

The Challenge at Hand: Meru’s Waste Crisis

With around 25 tonnes of waste produced daily, Meru Municipality is facing an increasingly waste crisis, characterised by inadequate waste collection, widespread littering and overloaded disposal systems. According to the 2019 Solid Waste Management Policy, only 60% of this waste is collected properly, leaving major gaps in sustainability efforts. Ashley and Dorcas focused on Gakoromone Market, Meru’s busiest trading hub, where trash overflows, drainage systems are blocked, and garbage collection is irregular. Through on-the-ground surveys and interviews, they gained a clear understanding of the broken waste management system that is in urgent need of reform.

 Contextualizing the Waste Crisis

Dorcas and Ashley started by familiarising themselves with the global and local waste management frameworks. They explored the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) and Kenya’s Solid Waste Management (SWM) policy, finding inspiration as well as gaps in both. A review of the literature revealed that, although Meru has adopted formal waste management frameworks, enforcement and community participation remain weak.

Surveying the Community

Armed with clipboards and posters, Ashley and Dorcas set out to speak to vendors, traders and a waste collector at Gakoromone Market. Their survey revealed that 88.9% felt there weren’t enough bins and that almost half of those surveyed admitted to dumping waste on the ground. Although 66.7% had heard of waste segregation, none of them practised it. Nevertheless, more than 50% said they would join clean-up efforts if they received more support. The responses painted a picture of frustration and neglect, but also offered a glimmer of hope for change if the right structures were in place.

A Call to Action

Ashley and Dorcas didn’t just identify the problem; they also offered simple, people-focused solutions. These included placing bins every 500 metres, launching waste education initiatives in schools and markets, and introducing colour-coded bins to make sorting easier. They also recommended collecting waste every two to three days and imposing stricter fines for littering, enforced by a trained and accountable task force.

A Cleaner Future Starts Now

CESDA is proud to celebrate the achievements of Ashley and Dorcas, who took a hands-on approach to solving what seemed like an insurmountable problem. Their commitment to active listening, careful observation, and providing bespoke solutions shows that young researchers are not just the leaders of tomorrow; they are the leaders of today. Their work shows that the most effective solutions often start small (on a local market level, develop through a few conversations and require a great deal of dedication.

Combating Climate Change Through Organic Farming

“In the course of history, there comes a time when humanity is called to shift to a new level of consciousness… That time is now.” – Wangari Maathai, Replenishing the Earth

At CESDA, we continue to amplify the voices of young researchers spearheading climate-conscious Joyce Kopejo Naserianinitiatives rooted in local contexts. One such promising researcher is Joyce Kopejo Naserian, a Kenyatta University student whose recent research project, titled ‘Combating Climate Change Through Organic Farming’, showcases the potential of grassroots environmental stewardship. By carrying out immersive fieldwork at Bomanoma Eco-Lodge and Charis Demonstration Farm as part of the the 12-week Acclimatise (www.aclimatise.org) Course, Joyce discovered that organic farming can be an effective way of mitigating climate change while promoting food sovereignty and community resilience.

Rethinking the Climate Crisis: Farming as a Climate Solution

Conventional farming practices, characterised by the heavy use of chemicals, monoculture and environmental degradation, have contributed significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss. In contrast, organic farming promotes ecological balance, reduces emissions and restores natural systems. Joyce’s fieldwork showed that, by reducing synthetic inputs and embracing regenerative techniques, organic farming can become a climate intervention strategy as well as an agricultural practice.

Research Methodology and Locations

As part her community engagement exercise under the CESDA acclimatise programme, Joyce visited two renowned organic farms in Kenya.

  1. Bomanoma Eco-Lodge, a community-centred, ecologically managed farm that promotes indigenous knowledge and agroecology. [https://youtube.com/shorts/rTaYZyQwCiE]
  2. Charis Demonstration Farm, a training hub for sustainable farming techniques and agro-enterprise development. [https://youtu.be/5NnpulUHzzU]

She conducted qualitative research by observing, documenting and engaging with farm managers and trainees to assess the environmental impact of organic practices in real-world settings.

Training and Community Engagement

Joyce Kopejo NaserianBoth farms served as learning centres, hosting weekly workshops and training sessions for local farmers, young people, and community members. These sessions combined theory with practical demonstrations to ensure that organic practices were adopted and replicated, not just studied.

Participants, ranging from aspiring young agripreneurs to elderly farmers, gained skills in composting, pest management, intercropping and seed selection. Joyce’s research documented how these training sessions empowered participants to transition from chemical-intensive farming to more sustainable methods.

Organic Farming: A Climate Solution Rooted in Community

Joyce’s research is a perfect example of CESDA’s mission to foster localised, youth-driven solutions that encourage climate action and support sustainable development across Africa. Her work shows that organic farming is more than just an alternative; it’s a regenerative approach that can be used to combat rising temperatures, restore degraded ecosystems and empower communities. Her findings confirm that climate resilience begins with healthy soil, empowered farmers and informed policies.

As CESDA continues to nurture this kind of research talent, we reaffirm our belief that Africa’s path to sustainability lies with its people, especially those who work directly with nature. We are proud to recognise Joyce’s achievements, and we are dedicated to supporting young researchers who transform theory into action.

Centre for Education and Sustainable Development in Africa (CESDA): Educating for Sustainability.

Collaborating for change

In an era where global challenges such as climate change, poverty and social inequality are increasingly complex, the need for collaborative solutions has never been more pressing. This was the central theme of the enlightening guest lecture titled “Collaborating for Change,” delivered by Dr. Abiodun E. Adesina and Dr. Rasidat Ganiyu, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria on 10th April, 2025.

Understanding Collaboration for Change

Abiodun and Rasidat began the lecture by defining “collaborating for change” as a process where individuals and organizations from diverse backgrounds come together to address shared challenges. They emphasized that effective collaboration is rooted in a shared vision and accountability, which are essential for creating lasting solutions.

Key Elements of Successful Collaboration

The lecture outlined several key elements that underpin successful collaboration:

  1. Shared Purpose: Participants must have a common goal that aligns their efforts and drives collective action.
  2. Inclusive Engagement: It is crucial to involve all relevant stakeholders, including marginalized groups, to ensure diverse perspectives are represented.
  3. Trust and Transparency: Open communication fosters trust among collaborators, which is vital for effective teamwork.
  4. Collective Action: Jointly pooling resources and efforts is essential for addressing complex challenges.

The Role of Participatory Approaches

A significant portion of the lecture focused on participatory approaches to community engagement. Abiodun and Rasidat explained that these methods actively involve community members in decision making processes, transforming them from passive recipients of aid into co-creators of change. This shift not only empowers communities but also leads to solutions that are more relevant and sustainable.

The speakers highlighted the principles of participatory approaches, including inclusivity, empowerment, collaboration and the incorporation of local knowledge. By engaging communities in this way, initiatives are more likely to resonate with local needs and contexts, ultimately leading to greater success.

Addressing Climate Change as a Wicked Problem

The central issue discussed was climate change, which the speakers referred to as a “wicked problem.” This term describes challenges that are complex, interconnected and resistant to straightforward solutions. Abiodun and Rasidat emphasized that addressing climate change requires collaborative efforts that span geographic and disciplinary boundaries.

They underscored the importance of adaptive strategies and ongoing engagement with communities to develop effective responses to climate related challenges. The speakers called for a collective approach that includes government representatives, industries and local communities to create comprehensive solutions.

University Industry Policy Partnerships (UIP)

A key takeaway from the lecture was the role of University-Industry-Policy partnerships (UIP) in driving climate action. Abiodun and Rasidat explained that these partnerships leverage the strengths of universities, industries and policymakers to foster innovation, promote sustainable practices and influence climate policy. By working together, these entities can create scalable and socially inclusive solutions to pressing challenges.

Conclusion

To conclude the lecture, Abiodun and Rasidat encouraged the students to reflect on their roles in fostering collaboration for change. They emphasized that the future of effective problem-solving lies in our ability to work together, share knowledge and build on each other’s strengths.

The insights shared during this guest lecture serve as a powerful reminder that collaboration is not just a strategy; it is a necessity for creating a better future. As we face increasingly complex global challenges, embracing collaboration for change will be essential in driving meaningful progress and fostering resilient communities.

In a world that often feels divided, the message from Abiodun and Rasidat is clear: together, we can create lasting change. Let us take their insights to heart and commit to working collaboratively for a brighter, more sustainable future.

 

Centre for Education and Sustainable Development in Africa (CESDA): Educating for Sustainability.

Leading for Impact

On April 10th 2025, an insightful lecture titled “Leading for Impact” was delivered by Ignatius Juma, a Senior Climate Adaptation and Resilience Policy Advisor at the Office of Kenya’s Special Envoy on Climate Change. Ignatius explored the vital role of youth in driving sustainable development and creating a positive impact in their communities.

The Importance of Youth in Sustainability

Ignatius began his lecture by emphasizing the unique position of youth in today’s world. As the inheritors of the future, young people possess the energy, creativity and fresh perspectives necessary to tackle pressing global challenges.

He pointed out that the current generation of young people is possess the courage to challenge injustices and the status quo. Drawing on examples from recent movements, such as the Gen Z demonstrations in Kenya and the anti-apartheid protests in South Africa, Ignatius illustrated how youth activism has historically led to meaningful societal change.

Characteristics of Impactful Youth Leaders

Ignatius outlined several key characteristics that define impactful youth leaders:

  1. Knowledgeable: Effective leaders must be well informed about the issues they seek to address. He encouraged students to continuously educate themselves on sustainability and environmental policies.
  2. Empowering Others: True leadership is not about individual success; it’s about uplifting others by sharing knowledge to create a collective impact that drives positive change.
  3. Visionary: Leaders must have a clear vision of where they want to lead their communities. Ignatius stressed the importance of setting tangible goals and inspiring others to work toward them.
  4. Creating Change: Finally, impactful leaders must demonstrate their ability to create real, measurable change in society. Ignatius cited the example of Nelson Mandela, whose vision and perseverance inspired a nation to fight for justice and equality.

Understanding Sustainability: A Historical Perspective

To provide context for the discussion, Ignatius delved into the history of sustainability, tracing its roots back to the 1968 Club of Rome report, “Limits to Growth.” This report highlighted the challenges posed by rapid population growth and static resources, prompting the development of environmental laws and principles that continue to shape our understanding of sustainability today.

Career Paths in Sustainability

Recognizing that many attendees were university students, Ignatius also explored potential career paths in the field of sustainability. He outlined various opportunities including roles in government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), research institutions and the private sector. He encouraged students to consider positions such as climate policy advisors, climate finance specialists and climate journalists, emphasizing the need for diverse skill sets in this evolving field.

Conclusion: A Call to Action

In conclusion, Ignatius reminded attendees that knowledge alone is not enough. To make a meaningful impact, young leaders must translate their knowledge into actionable skills. He encouraged students to engage in continuous practice, whether through writing, research or community involvement, to build their expertise and confidence.

Ignatius Juma’s lecture on “Leading for Impact” served as a powerful reminder of the critical role that youth play in shaping a sustainable future. By embracing their potential as leaders, young people can drive positive change and inspire others to join the movement for a healthier planet.

 

Centre for Education and Sustainable Development in Africa (CESDA): Educating for Sustainability
Entrepreneurship and Innovation for Impact

On April 3rd 2025, an insightful lecture titled “Entrepreneurship and Innovation for Impact” was delivered by Dr. Ir. Negin Salimi, Assistant Professor at the Business Management and Organization group of Wageningen University and Research. The lecture explored the intricate relationship between entrepreneurship and innovation, emphasizing the critical importance of creating impactful solutions in today’s complex world

Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Negin began her lecture by emphasizing the critical role of entrepreneurship in addressing societal challenges. She pointed out the unsustainable nature of traditional business models which have been accused of prioritising profit over purpose. She explained that innovative entrepreneurs have the potential to create solutions that benefit both society and the economy adding that the dual focus on impact and profitability is essential in today’s rapidly changing world.

Negin discussed various case studies of successful social enterprises that have leveraged innovative approaches to tackle issues such as poverty, education, and environmental sustainability. These examples illustrated how creative thinking and a willingness to take risks can lead to transformative solutions. The lecture emphasised the importance of innovation in driving social change.

The Role of Technology

A significant portion of the lecture was dedicated to the role of technology in entrepreneurship. Negin pointed out that advancements in technology have opened new avenues for entrepreneurs to reach their target audiences and scale their impact. She discussed how digital platforms and social media can be powerful tools for raising awareness and mobilizing resources for social causes. Negin encouraged students to embrace technology to enhance their social entrepreneurial ventures.

Design thinking

Negin emphasized the significance of design thinking as a crucial approach for entrepreneurs aiming to create impactful solutions. She explained that design thinking is a human cantered methodology that encourages innovators to deeply understand the needs and challenges of their target audience. One of the key aspects of design thinking is empathy. She highlighted the importance of empathizing with users to gain insights into their experiences and pain points. This understanding is foundational for developing solutions that truly address societal needs.

Challenges and Opportunities

While the potential for entrepreneurship to create positive change is immense, Negin also addressed the challenges that entrepreneurs face. She spoke about the obstacles of securing funding, navigating regulatory environments, and overcoming societal doubt. However, she urged aspiring entrepreneurs to view these challenges as opportunities for growth and innovation.

Conclusion

Negin concluded her lecture by encouraging the young people to pursue their entrepreneurial dreams with a focus on impact. She encouraged them to think critically about the societal problems they are passionate about solving, and to leverage their unique skills and perspectives to create meaningful change.

The lecture by Negin was an insightful analysis of the vital relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and social impact. As we move forward in a world that increasingly values purpose alongside profit, the lessons from this lecture will undoubtedly resonate with many aspiring changemakers in the student population.

Centre for Education and Sustainable Development in Africa (CESDA): Educating for Sustainability.

Addressing Climate Change through mitigation and adaptation

On 20th March 2025, our guest lecturer Dr. Camillus Abawiera Wongnaa from the Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana, delivered a compelling lecture on the impacts of climate change on agriculture and the necessary strategies for adaptation and mitigation. As the agricultural sector faces unprecedented challenges due to shifting weather patterns and extreme climate events, Camillus ‘s insights illuminated the urgent need for innovative solutions and collaborative efforts.

The Climate Challenge: Agriculture at the Crossroads

Camillus began his lecture by addressing the critical intersection of climate change and agriculture. He emphasized that while agriculture is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, it is also one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. With rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns, farmers are increasingly facing challenges that threaten food security and livelihoods. Camillus pointed out that the stakes are high, as the agricultural sector must adapt to ensure sustainable food production while also contributing to climate change mitigation.

Bridging the Gap: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

In his discussion, Camillus outlined the dual approach of mitigation and adaptation. He explained that mitigation involves reducing emissions through practices such as sustainable farming techniques, agroforestry and the adoption of renewable energy sources. However, he stressed that adaptation is equally crucial. Farmers must be equipped with the knowledge and tools to adjust their practices in response to changing climatic conditions. This includes developing drought-resistant crop varieties, implementing efficient irrigation systems and utilizing climate-smart agricultural practices.

Empowering Future Leaders

Camillus also highlighted the role of education in empowering the next generation of agricultural leaders. He encouraged students to engage in research and community initiatives that address local climate challenges. By fostering a culture of innovation and collaboration, future leaders can drive meaningful change in their communities and beyond. He highlighted an exciting research initiative under the Acclimatise course for students to collaborate on the field work project that span across 10 African universities, creating a network of young professionals dedicated to tackling climate change in agriculture.

Conclusion

Camillus ‘s lecture served as a powerful reminder of the urgent need for action in the face of climate change. As students and future leaders, we must take the insights gained from this session and apply them in our studies and communities. The path to a sustainable future in agriculture requires informed action, collaboration and a commitment to innovation. Together we can rise to the challenge and contribute to a resilient agricultural sector that can withstand the impacts of climate change.

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African COIL on Climate Change and Sustainability Education – Acclimatise
Global Governance around Climate Change

On 6th March 2025, our guest lecturer Yvonne Nyokabi of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) shared insights on building consensus in climate governance during the 2nd Acclimatise guest lecture. She started off with a question to the leaners on what they think is the biggest challenge in global climate change policy.

The Climate Challenge: A Global Perspective

In her lecture, Yvonne highlighted the distinct reality of the climate crisis explaining that despite numerous pledges made by countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, there remains a significant gap between these commitments and their actual implementation. The discrepancy between commitments and implementation poses a formidable challenge in the fight against global warming, as the world races to limit temperature increases to below 2 degrees Celsius (with an aspirational goal of 1.5 degrees).

 The Role of International Frameworks

A key focus of Yvonne’s lecture was the role of international frameworks in addressing climate change. She emphasized the importance of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in providing scientific assessments that inform global policy. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement were also presented as critical platforms for fostering international cooperation and accountability.

Yvonne emphasized the significance of the Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, as a turning point in climate negotiations. The Agreement requires all countries to submit Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) outlining their climate action plans. Yvonne stressed that developed nations have a responsibility to support developing countries through financial and technological assistance, ensuring that all nations contribute to the global effort.

The African Perspective

One evocative aspect of Yvonne’s lecture was her emphasis on the African perspective in climate discussions. The recent Africa Climate Summit underscored the need for African nations to be seen as active participants in climate solutions rather than mere victims of climate change. Yvonne called for a shift in narrative, advocating for African countries to leverage their unique positions and resources to drive innovative climate initiatives.

The lecture highlighted the relationship between rising temperatures and the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria. As climate change alters ecosystems, the risk of disease transmission increases, posing a significant public health challenge that must be addressed alongside environmental concerns.

Conclusion: A Call to Action

Yvonne’s lecture served as a powerful reminder of the urgency of the climate crisis and the need for collective action. She challenged learners that as individuals, communities, and nations, each must recognize their role in this global challenge and work together to implement effective solutions. That it is important to not only commit but also collaborate, innovate and adapt to the changing world around us.

Students’ Concerns and Questions

The students raised critical reflection questions including;

  1. The effectiveness of afforestation and its role in carbon sequestration.
  2. The political implications of highlighting specific regions affected by climate change.
  3. The place of scientific data in facilitate global cooperation on climate issues.

 

 

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African COIL on Climate Change and Sustainability Education – Acclimatise
The Climate Crisis

The 1st of the Acclimatise guest lecture series kicked off on the 13th February. The lecture was delivered by Dr. Lilian Mulamula of the University of Dar Es Salaam. Lilian is an expert in environmental science, climate change, and ecosystem management. The introductory lecture captured key areas ranging definition of climate change, key drivers of climate change, impact of climate change on biodiversity among others. The session allowed a debate among learners on whether there is still time to take action.

Understanding the difference between Weather and Climate

One of the foundational concepts discussed was the difference between weather and climate. Lilian explained that while weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions in a specific location, climate encompasses long-term patterns observed over decades. This distinction is crucial for understanding how climate change manifests and affects our daily lives.

Human Activities Contributing to Climate Change

The lecture delved into the various human activities contributing to climate change, including industrial emissions, deforestation, and fossil fuel consumption. During the lecture, Lilian pointed out that deforestation not only releases stored carbon but also diminishes carbon sinks, further exacerbating the crisis.

The Greenhouse Effect

The lecture also covered the significance of the greenhouse effect on climate change. Using the illustration by Patel, 2016, Lilian explained that enhanced greenhouse effect, caused by excessive greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, leads to global warming and various climate-related issues.

Why Climate Change is a Crisis

The lecture illustrated reasons why climate change is considered a crisis – rising temperatures and shifting climatic variables threaten food and water security, while the increasing frequency of extreme weather events leads to devastating disasters. Additionally, climate change can act as a catalyst for conflict over dwindling resources and accelerates biodiversity loss, endangering ecosystems worldwide.

Global Responses and Individual Actions

In brief, the lecture also addressed the global responses to climate change, highlighting commitments made through agreements like the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming. Lilian encouraged the young people to take action by raising awareness, promoting sustainable practices, and lobbying for effective policies. Engaging in nature-based solutions and reducing personal carbon footprints were also emphasized as vital steps in combating climate change.

Conclusion: A Call to Action

Lilian reassured the learners that it is not too late to take action on climate change. She noted however that significant transformations are necessary at all levels of society for impactful action. The collective efforts of individuals, communities, and governments are essential to effectively combat the climate crisis. The lecture was a powerful reminder of the challenges we face and the actions we can take to create a more sustainable future.  Lilian ended the lecture with these words “as we move forward, let us remember that every small action counts in the fight against climate change. Together, we can make a difference.”

 

PRESS RELEASE

Africa’s first Collaborative Online International Learning course on Climate Change and Sustainability Education was launched by 10 African Universities on 10th February 2025 

CESDA, the Centre for Education and Sustainable Development, a network of African universities focused on Sustainability Education, is proud to announce that Africa’s first undergraduate COIL course on Climate Change and Sustainability went live on 10th February 2025.

The concept for the course was announced by CESDA Secretary Prof Jackline Nyerere from Kenyatta University in the Africa and Kenyan pavilions at COP28 in Dubai on the Education Day, December 8th 2023. During the last year, a team of academics chaired by Prof Nashiru Sulemana from Ghana have put the 12 week course together. It consists of 6 integrated modules, including a series of interactive discussion groups and Africa-based case studies, designed to empower students to think deeply about their place and their role in addressing climate change and sustainability challenges.

It has many unique elements:

  • It will be offered to African students of all academic disciplines.
  • It requires students to engage with local communities to co-create practical solutions to the challenges of climate change and sustainable development within their own communities and environment.
  • It promotes collaboration and dialogue between students across the whole African continent, to share analyses and to seek common solutions, wherever possible.
  • It is free.
  • It is the first course of this sort, and hopefully will spawn similar initiatives worldwide.

Conscious that producing such a course in an immense challenge, the first course will be a run as a pilot exercise, prior to being reviewed and reformulated where necessary and then rolled out on a wider scale across the Africa.

150 students have been selected by the 10 universities for this pilot run. The demand for places has massively exceeded the supply (the number of available places for registration was oversubscribed by a factor of 10, despite the very short time within which the course was advertised).  This shows the remarkable level of interest from students that this course has generated.

The course is one of the legacy education projects that emerged from the African Year of Education 2024, and was presented at a high level Continental Education conference hosted by the Africa Union in Mauritania from December 9th-11th 2024.

It is also fully in line with the COP 29  ‘Baku Initiative on Human Development for Climate Resilience’, which focuses on ‘catalysing investment in education, skills, health, and well-being, in particular for children and youth …and enhancing environmental literacy through education standards.’

Implementation of the pilot is funded by Gower Street Foundation.

For further information please contact:

Professor Jackline Nyerere, Senior Lecturer of Educational Leadership and Policy, Director, Centre for International Programmes and Collaboration, Kenyatta University, Kenya; Secretary, Center for Education and Sustainable Development in Africa (CESDA). +254 7286521232

Kenyatta University, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Kenya; Kisii University, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, University of Zambia, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, University of Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; University for Development Studies, Ghana; Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Nigeria

Annex 1
The CESDA Flyer for the course

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